San Diego Community College District Measure HH construction projects launching August 24, 2026 affecting Pacific Beach contractor labor market

San Diego Community College $1.3B Measure HH Construction Launches August 24: Labor Impact for Pacific Beach Contractors

On August 24, 2026, the San Diego Community College District launches over $1.3 billion in simultaneous construction projects across four campuses—creating intense competition for electricians, plumbers, and HVAC specialists. Pacific Beach contractors serving coastal communities should expect 15-25% labor cost increases and 2-4 week scheduling delays through 2028 as subcontractors prioritize stable, multi-year college contracts with prevailing wage rates.

$1.3 Billion Construction Surge Starts in 10 Days: What Pacific Beach Contractors Need to Know

On August 24, 2026—the first day of fall semester classes—the San Diego Community College District (SDCCD) will launch more than a dozen major construction projects worth over $1.3 billion across its four campuses. This unprecedented simultaneous deployment of public sector work represents the first major wave of the $3.5 billion Measure HH bond program, approved by more than 60% of San Diego voters in November 2024.

For Pacific Beach builders, coastal renovation contractors, and ADU specialists serving La Jolla, Mission Beach, Bird Rock, and Tourmaline Surfing Park, this creates an immediate business intelligence challenge: subcontractors including electricians, plumbers, HVAC technicians, and framing crews will increasingly prioritize stable, multi-year college contracts over smaller residential projects. The timeline extends through 2028, indicating sustained pressure on coastal construction labor availability.

This article provides actionable strategies for navigating the labor scarcity, identifies specific cost impacts homeowners and contractors should anticipate, and outlines partnership opportunities for firms interested in securing Measure HH contracts.

The $1.3 Billion Project Portfolio: What's Breaking Ground August 24

SDCCD's initial wave includes transformative projects across Miramar, City, Mesa, and Continuing Education colleges. According to the district's fall semester announcement, these projects will commence as more than 50,000 students return to campus.

Major Projects Launching August 24, 2026

Project Campus Scope Labor-Intensive Trades
Aviation Instructional Center Miramar College Replace 6,300 sq ft hangar with 18,000 sq ft two-story facility including maintenance bay, classrooms, engine testing pad Electricians, HVAC specialists, concrete crews, steel fabricators
Affordable Student Housing City College (1601 B Street) Eight-story, 283-unit (797-bed) residential complex with ground-level amenities Plumbers, electricians, HVAC technicians, framing crews, finish carpenters
Sports & Kinesiology Sciences Complex Mesa College Three-court gym, dance studios, new Aquatics Center replacing 50-year-old pool, beach volleyball courts Pool contractors, HVAC specialists, electricians, concrete crews
Educational Cultural Complex Theatre Continuing Education (Mountain View) $65 million renovation of historic 275-seat theatre (completion spring 2027) Acoustical specialists, electricians, theatrical systems installers

According to SDCCD's project information, the district sold its initial $850 million in Series A bonds in January 2025, funding this first construction wave with additional projects scheduled through 2028.

Miramar College Aviation Training Center: 18,000 Square Feet of Specialized Construction

The Miramar Aviation Instructional Center project replaces an aging 6,300 square-foot hangar with an approximately 18,000 square-foot, two-story facility featuring:

  • Maintenance and hangar bay for aircraft servicing instruction
  • Multiple classrooms and faculty offices
  • Engine testing pad requiring specialized acoustic and safety systems
  • Open-air storage area and expanded student parking
  • Capacity for 15 additional class sessions per week

This project requires electricians skilled in aviation-grade power systems, HVAC technicians capable of handling engine exhaust management, and concrete crews familiar with heavy-load hangar floor specifications—the same trades Pacific Beach contractors need for residential generator installations, whole-home HVAC upgrades, and garage conversions.

City College Student Housing: 797 Beds Creating Year-Long Demand

Perhaps the most labor-intensive project is City College's affordable student housing community, a Public-Private Partnership between SDCCD and The Michaels Organization. Led by Clark Building Group, the project delivers:

  • 283 units totaling 797 beds across eight stories
  • Studio, two-bedroom, four-bedroom apartments, and suite-style units
  • Ground-level amenities: leasing lobby, yoga/fitness room, food pantry, pet wash station, community kitchen, shared laundry
  • E-bike storage, package delivery room, resident storage
  • Scheduled completion: Fall 2028

This multi-year timeline is critical for Pacific Beach contractors. An eight-story residential tower requires continuous plumbing, electrical, and HVAC installation from late 2026 through mid-2028. According to construction update reports, formal construction is already underway, with the project serving low-income students, veterans, and former foster youth.

Mesa College Athletic Overhaul: Aquatics Center and Multi-Court Gym

Mesa College's Sports & Kinesiology Sciences Project, awarded to LPA Design Studios/C.W. Driver LLC, includes:

  • State-of-the-art Aquatics Center replacing a 50-year-old pool
  • Three-court gymnasium with modern HVAC and lighting
  • Dance studios with specialized flooring and acoustics
  • Training rooms, study areas, locker facilities
  • Beach volleyball courts and upgraded athletic fields
  • Construction timeline: September 2026 - November 2027

Pool construction contractors, particularly those with commercial aquatics experience, will find year-long demand through this project. The same applies to HVAC specialists capable of designing climate control for large athletic spaces—skills directly transferable to Pacific Beach ADU construction and whole-home renovations.

Labor Market Impact: Why Pacific Beach Contractors Should Prepare Now

San Diego's 12% Construction Vacancy Rate Meets $1.3 Billion Public Demand

San Diego's construction labor shortage is already severe. According to Pacific Beach Builder's labor market analysis, San Diego faces a 12% construction vacancy rate in May 2026, with electricians, plumbers, and HVAC specialists in shortest supply. This is significantly above the healthy 7-8% benchmark.

Now, $1.3 billion in public sector work launching simultaneously intensifies competition for these exact trades.

The Prevailing Wage Advantage: Why Subcontractors Choose Public Projects

California's prevailing wage requirements for public construction mandate that workers on public works projects receive legally required minimum compensation packages—hourly pay plus fringe benefits—that typically exceed private sector residential rates.

While exact rates vary by trade and county, prevailing wages generally run 20-40% higher than standard residential rates, and workers receive better benefits. As California prevailing wage compliance guides explain, workers under prevailing wage laws receive higher earnings and better benefits than comparable private-sector employees.

This creates a powerful economic incentive: a plumber or electrician can choose between:

  1. Measure HH public project: Prevailing wage rates, stable multi-year employment through 2028, full benefits
  2. Pacific Beach ADU renovation: Market residential rates, project-by-project scheduling uncertainty, variable benefits

Unless Pacific Beach contractors adjust their rate structures and project stability guarantees, they'll lose subcontractor commitments to college projects.

Labor Cost Increase Projections: 15-25% Through 2028

Multiple construction industry analyses project sustained labor cost pressure through 2026-2028:

  • Construction cost outlook reports indicate many contractors report labor expenses up 4-5% year-over-year, with labor cost escalation now requiring day-one underwriting rather than contingency planning
  • JLL's 2026 construction perspective notes labor demand remains strong despite softening in some sectors, with wage pressure continuing due to immigration policy impacts on supply
  • The construction industry needs approximately 349,000 net new workers in 2026 just to maintain equilibrium between supply and demand, according to skilled trades shortage data

For Pacific Beach contractors, this translates to:

Expected Labor Cost Increases for Coastal Projects (2026-2028)

Project Type Pre-Measure HH Cost Post-August 24 Cost Increase
Standard ADU (600-800 sq ft) $180,000 - $240,000 $207,000 - $300,000 +15-25%
Whole-Home HVAC Replacement $12,000 - $18,000 $13,800 - $22,500 +15-25%
Kitchen/Bath Renovation $40,000 - $80,000 $46,000 - $100,000 +15-25%
Coastal Home Addition (400 sq ft) $160,000 - $200,000 $184,000 - $250,000 +15-25%

Note: Coastal construction already costs 15-25% more than inland due to environmental protections and salt-resistant materials, per Pacific Beach market data.

Subcontractor Scheduling Delays: 2-4 Week Extensions Expected

Beyond cost increases, scheduling unpredictability creates the greatest project delays. San Diego ADU construction analysis identifies subcontractor scheduling—especially electricians, plumbers, and HVAC specialists—as the primary delay driver.

With Measure HH projects offering year-long continuous work, subcontractors will block out 3-6 month calendar commitments for college projects, leaving smaller windows for residential jobs. Pacific Beach homeowners planning renovations should add 2-4 weeks to previous timeline estimates for projects scheduled between September 2026 and December 2027.

Strategic Response Options for Pacific Beach Contractors

Strategy 1: Lock Subcontractor Commitments Before August 24

The 10-day window before August 24 represents the last opportunity to secure subcontractor schedules at current rates and availability. Contractors should:

  • Contact electricians, plumbers, HVAC specialists immediately to lock calendar commitments for Q4 2026 and Q1 2027 projects
  • Negotiate rate agreements now before prevailing wage competition drives prices up 15-25%
  • Offer advance deposits or retainer agreements to guarantee subcontractor availability
  • Build longer-term relationships with subcontractors through volume commitments

Homeowners planning ADU construction, home additions, or major renovations should accelerate contractor selection and finalize agreements before August 24 to avoid post-launch scarcity.

Strategy 2: Adjust Project Timelines to Avoid Peak Competition

Measure HH projects follow academic calendars and bond spending schedules, creating predictable peak competition periods:

Lower Competition Windows:

  • Late Summer 2026 (August 1-23): Before Measure HH launch
  • Winter Break (December 2026 - January 2027): Reduced college project activity
  • Summer 2027: Potential slowdown in some projects

Higher Competition Windows:

  • September-November 2026: Post-launch construction ramp-up
  • January-May 2027: Peak construction activity across all campuses
  • September-November 2027: Second-year project intensity

Contractors who can shift schedules to lower-competition windows may secure better subcontractor rates and availability.

Strategy 3: Explore Measure HH Procurement Opportunities

Rather than compete against Measure HH projects, Pacific Beach contractors can pursue direct participation. SDCCD's bid and RFP opportunities portal releases all publicly bid opportunities via PlanetBids.

Key Requirements for SDCCD Contractors:

  1. Pre-qualification: Required for many prime contractors and subcontractors bidding on SDCCD construction projects
  2. DIR registration: Licensed contractors must register as public works contractors with the Department of Industrial Relations, with DIR ID required for approval
  3. Community Benefits Agreement (CBA) compliance:
    • At least 80% of craft hours performed by San Diego County residents, dependents of active-duty military, or current/former SDCCD students
    • Prioritize hiring residents of qualifying ZIP codes and veterans
    • Partner with SDCCD apprentice programs and academic programs

According to SDCCD Measure HH contractor guidance, SDCCD hosts "Doing Business with SDCCD" workshops and "Contractor Outreach and Networking Events" to connect firms with procurement opportunities.

For Pacific Beach contractors with established crews and bonding capacity, Measure HH offers access to $3.5 billion in work extending through 2030.

Strategy 4: Partner with Prime Contractors Securing Measure HH Work

Rather than bid directly, Pacific Beach contractors can subcontract with firms already awarded Measure HH projects:

  • LPA Design Studios/C.W. Driver LLC (Mesa College Sports & Kinesiology)
  • Clark Building Group (City College Student Housing)
  • HGA (Educational Cultural Complex Theatre)

These partnerships provide:

  • Access to prevailing wage rates without prime contractor obligations
  • Stable multi-month work schedules
  • Networking opportunities with other trades
  • Experience with public sector compliance and reporting

Smaller Pacific Beach firms specializing in plumbing, electrical, or finish carpentry can leverage these relationships for steady income while maintaining select residential clients.

Strategy 5: Budget 15-25% Labor Cost Increases for 2026-2028 Projects

Transparency with homeowner clients is essential. Contractors should:

  • Revise standard cost estimates to reflect post-August 24 labor market conditions
  • Include escalation clauses in contracts for projects with start dates after September 2026
  • Communicate the Measure HH impact as external market condition, not contractor markup
  • Offer value engineering alternatives to offset cost increases (phased construction, material substitutions, simplified designs)

According to 2026 construction cost analysis, labor cost escalation is "no longer a contingency line item" and requires upfront client education.

The Multi-Year Timeline: Sustained Pressure Through 2028

Unlike short-term construction surges, Measure HH's $3.5 billion scope ensures sustained labor market pressure through at least 2028:

  • Educational Cultural Complex Theatre: Spring 2027 completion
  • City College Student Housing: Fall 2028 opening
  • Mesa College Athletic Facilities: November 2027 completion
  • Additional Measure HH projects: Extending through 2030

This multi-year timeline means labor scarcity is not a temporary disruption but a fundamental market shift requiring strategic adaptation.

Compounding Labor Demand: Regional Transportation and Data Centers

Measure HH isn't the only major construction driver. San Diego's labor shortage analysis notes:

  • San Diego's $160 billion regional transportation plan will demand 25,000 construction workers between 2025 and 2030
  • Data center construction competes for electricians and HVAC specialists needed for residential projects
  • Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act funding expires October 2026, but existing commitments extend through 2027-2028

Pacific Beach contractors face simultaneous competition from college construction, transportation infrastructure, and commercial data center projects—all requiring the same skilled trades.

Educational Cultural Complex: First Measure HH Completion Approaching

The $65 million Educational Cultural Complex (ECC) Theatre renovation in Mountain View represents the first Measure HH project nearing completion. As of July 2026, the project reached 50% construction milestone, with spring 2027 completion scheduled.

Funded through a $35 million state grant championed by California Senate President Pro Tempore Emeritus Toni G. Atkins and supplemented by Measure HH, the renovation includes:

  • Restoration of the historic 275-seat theatre's architectural character
  • Extensive upgrades to acoustics, lighting, sound systems
  • Improved accessibility features and seating
  • Modernized lobby and gathering spaces
  • Advanced stage infrastructure for performing arts programs

This project's successful progression validates SDCCD's capacity to execute complex renovations on schedule—further evidence that the $1.3 billion August 24 launch will proceed as planned, creating immediate labor demand.

Action Plan for Pacific Beach Homeowners and Contractors

For Homeowners Planning Construction Projects:

If your project starts before December 2026:

  1. Finalize contractor selection by August 20 to lock pre-Measure HH rates
  2. Secure written bids with rate guarantees valid through project completion
  3. Ask contractors about their subcontractor relationships and scheduling confidence
  4. Consider accelerating timelines to avoid Q4 2026 labor scarcity peak (see our construction project planning timeline guide)

If your project starts in 2027-2028:

  1. Budget 15-25% above 2025 cost estimates for labor
  2. Plan 2-4 week longer timelines than historical averages
  3. Prioritize contractors with directly-employed crews over heavy subcontractor reliance
  4. Explore off-peak scheduling (winter breaks, summer 2027) for better availability

For Contractors and Builders:

Immediate Actions (Before August 24):

  1. Contact all regular subcontractors to assess their Measure HH commitments
  2. Lock calendar commitments for Q4 2026 and Q1 2027 projects
  3. Revise standard cost estimates to reflect new labor market conditions
  4. Update client communications explaining Measure HH impact

Long-Term Strategic Positioning (2026-2028):

  1. Register with SDCCD's PlanetBids portal to receive procurement notifications
  2. Attend SDCCD contractor networking events to explore partnership opportunities
  3. Evaluate DIR registration and prevailing wage compliance capabilities
  4. Build relationships with Measure HH prime contractors for subcontracting opportunities
  5. Invest in crew development and retention to reduce subcontractor dependency

Conclusion: Market Intelligence Creates Competitive Advantage

The August 24, 2026 launch of $1.3 billion in SDCCD Measure HH construction projects represents a fundamental shift in San Diego's construction labor market. For Pacific Beach contractors serving coastal communities from La Jolla to Mission Beach, Ocean Beach, Tourmaline Surfing Park, and Point Loma, this creates both immediate challenges and strategic opportunities.

Challenges:

  • 15-25% labor cost increases through 2028
  • 2-4 week subcontractor scheduling delays
  • Competition with prevailing wage public sector work
  • Multi-year sustained pressure on electrician, plumber, and HVAC availability

Opportunities:

  • Direct participation in $3.5 billion Measure HH procurement
  • Subcontracting partnerships with prime contractors
  • Competitive differentiation through early client communication
  • Strategic scheduling around peak competition periods

Contractors and homeowners who recognize this intelligence 10 days before launch gain decisive advantages: locking current rates, securing subcontractor commitments, and adjusting project timelines before market conditions tighten.

The next 10 days represent the last window of pre-Measure HH labor market conditions. After August 24, Pacific Beach contractors enter a fundamentally different competitive landscape—one that rewards strategic adaptation over reactive scrambling.

Frequently Asked Questions

How will the August 24 Measure HH construction launch affect my ADU project timeline in Pacific Beach?

Projects starting after August 24, 2026 should expect 2-4 week longer timelines than historical averages, primarily due to subcontractor scheduling delays. Electricians, plumbers, and HVAC technicians will increasingly prioritize stable multi-year college contracts over smaller residential projects. If your ADU construction is scheduled for Q4 2026 or Q1 2027, contact your contractor immediately to confirm subcontractor commitments are locked before August 24. Projects finalized before the launch date have better chances of avoiding delays, while those starting in 2027-2028 should plan buffers of 15-25% beyond previous timeline estimates.

Why are labor costs increasing 15-25% for Pacific Beach construction projects?

The $1.3 billion simultaneous launch of Measure HH public sector construction creates unprecedented competition for skilled trades. California prevailing wage requirements for public works projects mandate compensation packages typically 20-40% higher than residential rates, incentivizing electricians, plumbers, and HVAC specialists to prioritize college projects. San Diego already faces a 12% construction vacancy rate—significantly above the healthy 7-8% benchmark—and Measure HH intensifies this shortage. Construction industry data shows labor expenses already up 4-5% year-over-year before Measure HH, with the 15-25% increase reflecting compounded scarcity from college projects, San Diego's $160 billion transportation plan (requiring 25,000 workers through 2030), and data center construction competition. These aren't contractor markups but market-driven wage adjustments necessary to secure subcontractor availability.

What specific Measure HH projects are creating the most competition for residential contractors?

Three projects create the heaviest residential labor competition: (1) City College's eight-story, 797-bed student housing complex (fall 2028 completion) requires continuous plumbing, electrical, and HVAC installation through mid-2028—the longest sustained demand for trades used in ADU and home renovation work; (2) Miramar College's 18,000 sq ft Aviation Instructional Center needs electricians skilled in aviation-grade power systems and HVAC technicians for engine testing facilities—specialists also crucial for residential generator and whole-home HVAC projects; (3) Mesa College's Sports & Kinesiology Complex, including a state-of-the-art Aquatics Center, requires pool contractors and commercial HVAC specialists through November 2027. These three projects alone create year-long or multi-year commitments for subcontractors who would otherwise take Pacific Beach residential jobs.

Can Pacific Beach contractors bid on Measure HH projects directly?

Yes. SDCCD releases all publicly bid opportunities via PlanetBids at www.sdccd.edu/departments/business/purchasing/bid_rfp/bid-and-rfp-opportunities.aspx. Key requirements include: (1) Contractor pre-qualification for many prime and subcontractor roles; (2) DIR (Department of Industrial Relations) registration as public works contractors with valid DIR identification number; (3) Community Benefits Agreement compliance—at least 80% of craft hours performed by San Diego County residents, military dependents, or current/former SDCCD students, with priority hiring in qualifying ZIP codes and veterans. SDCCD hosts 'Doing Business with SDCCD' workshops and contractor networking events. Smaller Pacific Beach firms can also subcontract with prime contractors already awarded projects (LPA Design Studios/C.W. Driver for Mesa, Clark Building Group for City College housing) to access prevailing wage rates without prime contractor obligations.

What's the best strategy for homeowners to avoid Measure HH labor cost increases?

The most effective strategy is finalizing contractor selection and securing written bids with rate guarantees before August 24, 2026—the 10-day window before launch represents the last pre-Measure HH market conditions. For projects starting before December 2026, lock subcontractor commitments immediately and ask contractors about their relationships with electricians, plumbers, and HVAC specialists to ensure availability. For 2027-2028 projects, budget 15-25% above 2025 cost estimates and consider off-peak scheduling (winter breaks, summer 2027) when college project activity slows. Prioritize contractors with directly-employed crews rather than heavy subcontractor reliance, as they offer greater scheduling predictability. Accelerating project timelines to complete work before September 2026 avoids the peak Measure HH ramp-up period when labor competition intensifies most.

How long will Measure HH labor market pressure last?

Sustained pressure extends through at least 2028, with some projects continuing to 2030. The Educational Cultural Complex Theatre completes spring 2027, Mesa College athletic facilities finish November 2027, and City College's 797-bed student housing opens fall 2028. This isn't a temporary disruption but a fundamental multi-year market shift. Beyond Measure HH, compounding factors include San Diego's $160 billion regional transportation plan demanding 25,000 workers through 2030, ongoing data center construction, and Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act commitments extending through 2027-2028. The combination creates continuous competition for electricians, plumbers, HVAC specialists, and framing crews through the remainder of the decade. Pacific Beach contractors should treat this as permanent market conditions requiring strategic adaptation—not a short-term challenge to wait out.

Are there specific times when subcontractor availability will be better?

Yes. Lower competition windows include late summer 2026 (August 1-23) before Measure HH launch, winter break (December 2026 - January 2027) when college project activity reduces, and potentially summer 2027 depending on project phasing. Higher competition periods are September-November 2026 (post-launch ramp-up), January-May 2027 (peak construction across all campuses), and September-November 2027 (second-year intensity). Homeowners and contractors who can schedule projects during winter breaks or summer slowdowns may secure better subcontractor rates and availability. However, weather considerations for coastal construction (marine layer, winter rain) may offset scheduling advantages, so consult with your contractor about optimal timing balancing labor availability and weather conditions for Pacific Beach, La Jolla, Mission Beach, and Tourmaline Surfing Park projects.

What makes prevailing wage public projects more attractive to subcontractors than Pacific Beach residential work?

Prevailing wage requirements mandate compensation packages—hourly pay plus fringe benefits—typically 20-40% higher than standard residential rates, with workers receiving better benefits than private sector employment. Beyond compensation, public projects offer: (1) Stable multi-year employment through 2028 versus project-by-project residential scheduling uncertainty; (2) Continuous work schedules allowing subcontractors to plan crew commitments months in advance; (3) Large-scale projects creating volume work for entire crews rather than one-person residential calls; (4) Predictable payment schedules backed by public bond funding. For an electrician choosing between a $1.3 billion college project with prevailing wages and benefits extending through 2028 versus a Pacific Beach ADU renovation at market residential rates, the economic and stability advantages favor public sector work. This explains why residential contractors must either match competitive compensation or accept reduced subcontractor availability.

How does the 12% San Diego construction vacancy rate compare to other markets?

San Diego's 12% construction vacancy rate is significantly above the healthy 7-8% benchmark and reflects severe skilled trades shortages. This exceeds most comparable markets and creates substantial project delays and cost pressures. Contributing factors include: (1) More than one in five construction workers over 55 nearing retirement with insufficient younger worker pipeline; (2) Data center construction competing for electricians and HVAC specialists; (3) Immigration enforcement disruptions affecting approximately 40% of California's construction workforce; (4) San Diego's $160 billion transportation plan and now Measure HH's $3.5 billion college construction creating unprecedented simultaneous demand. The vacancy rate means electricians, plumbers, and HVAC technicians in shortest supply can choose among multiple projects, shifting leverage to workers and driving wages up. For Pacific Beach contractors, this pre-existing shortage means Measure HH's August 24 launch exacerbates already-challenging labor conditions rather than creating entirely new problems.

Should Pacific Beach contractors focus on securing Measure HH work or continuing residential projects?

The optimal strategy depends on firm size, bonding capacity, and expertise. Larger contractors with established crews, bonding capabilities, and public works experience should actively pursue Measure HH opportunities through SDCCD's PlanetBids portal and contractor networking events—the $3.5 billion program offers stable multi-year revenue through 2030. Mid-size firms can pursue subcontracting partnerships with prime contractors (LPA Design Studios/C.W. Driver, Clark Building Group, HGA) to access prevailing wage rates while maintaining select residential clients, creating diversified revenue streams. Smaller Pacific Beach specialists in ADU construction, coastal renovations, or niche trades should focus on residential work but adjust pricing and scheduling to reflect post-August 24 market conditions, emphasizing directly-employed crews, early subcontractor commitments, and client communication about external market pressures. The key is recognizing Measure HH as permanent market condition requiring strategic response—not choosing between public or residential work but positioning your firm to compete effectively in the transformed labor landscape.

This article provides general information about San Diego's construction labor market and the Measure HH construction program for educational purposes. Market conditions, labor availability, and project costs can change. Always consult with qualified contractors and obtain multiple bids before making construction decisions. Pacific Beach Builder provides construction market intelligence and coastal building expertise for San Diego contractors and property owners.